Effectivity of Anti Smoking Campaign in the Philippines

INRODUCTION Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Casual smoking is the act of smoking only occasionally, usually in a social situation or to relieve stress. Many health experts now regard habitual smoking as a psychological addiction, two and one with serious consequences.[1] It is the practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled.[2] This is primarily practiced as a route for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs which is nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment.†¦show more content†¦Emphysema does not develop suddenly, it comes very gradually. Years of exposure to cigarette smoke usually causes the development of emphysema.[6][7][8][9] CESSATION OF SMOKING Most patients are aware of the adverse health effects of tobacco but lack the motivations to quit. Others, particularly those with COPD, have repeatedly tried to quit but are seemingly powerless to do so. Traditionally, physicians and other healthcare workers have relied primarily on counselling to treat tobacco addiction. However, combining counselling with pharmacotherapy has been shown to active the highest quit rates. Tobacco use is responsible for 90% of lung cancers in males and 80% in women. Head and neck cancer is seen primarily in smokers. Those patients who continue to smoke after treatment are at increased risk for a second head and neck primary cancer. Smoking cessation can decrease the risk of these cancers. Smoking Cessation has been demonstrated to substantially reduce the risk of deaths from cardiovascular diseases. There is a rapid decrease in risk for myocardial events in patients with and without previous cardiovascular disease after smoking ce ssation. Many patients become motivated to stop smoking after spirometry results indicate abnormalities of lung function related to smoking. Some patients are also motivated to quit after a

Infosys Strategic Human Resource Management - 1301 Words

Unit 2: Case Analysis Infosys (A): Strategic Human Resource Management By: Crystal Lyon GB520: Strategic Human Resource Management November 17, 2014 Introduction Infosys went through a rapid growth from 250 employees to 15,000 employees and about $5 million to $750 million in revenue within a decade. It was also ranked No. 1 in the Business Today Best Employer survey. This was until 2003 when Infosys was dropped off the list. This devastation caused the company to hold a meeting in November of 2003 to set in motion a new path for the company. This plan was to have Infosys back on the Top Ten lists for both Best Performing Companies and Best Employers by the year 2007. This only gave them a time span of 5 years to get†¦show more content†¦Due to the governmental standards in India during this time period, it made it difficult for Infosys to take off. It took a year and 15 visits to Delhi to get permission from the government to import a computer. It took a year to get a phone line set up. This is due to the foreign exchange for travel being controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. That meant longer execution time for business. In 5 years time, Infosys had only one client. By 1989, the U.S. government had put a restriction on the number of B1 visas being issued each year, so Infosys was no longer able to visit their client locations in the U.S. This caused the company to almost go out of business. Murthy spoke up and told the co-founders that he was confident that the company was going to be successful and offered to buy out the others that wanted to leave. He stated, â€Å"If you are staying on, then I am staying with you.† (Delong, Tandon, Rengaswamy, 2005). The team decided to stay on, but knew that they had to make a drastic change if they were going to be successful. The Issue By 1999, Infosys had grown at a rapid rate. It was doubling in size every 20 months. HR realized that Infosys was now a small large company. Infosys management decided to implement a series of changes including building a portfolio of core companies and services and reorienting the way people were measured, comp ensated, promoted, and rewarded.Show MoreRelatedCase Analysis- Apple Inc1055 Words   |  5 PagesOmowumi Aiyeku Professor Andrew Klein Strategic Human Resources Management September 5, 2011 Case Analysis Question: What is Strategic Human Resources Management and how does it link the people with the strategic needs of the business? Introduction Human resource management is a combination of strategically coordinated efforts to manage people. 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We have to make sure that they come back the next morning. (Narayana Murthy, CEO Infosys). Infosys technology, a leading software company based in India, was voted as the best employer in the country in many HR surveys in the recent years. The company is well known for its employee friendly HR practices. Though Infosys has grown to become a US $ 2 billion company by the yearRead MoreInfosys Technologies1802 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Infosys Technologies’ strategic position in the IT industry in 2006, and what are its distinctive competencies? Where does it fit in the industry value chain? (20 pts) Infosys Technologies was founded in 1981 to design, develop, and maintain software for US Corporate clients in banking, manufacturing and telecommunications (Lok 2005). In 2006, the market for IT services was large and growing (Hill and Jones). 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Generally this report’s purpose is identifying how management practices can be varied and talent development issues in one of the biggest emerging markets, namely India. As management practices can be diffused or in need toRead MoreEssay about Infosys ® Technologies Ltd.7152 Words   |  29 PagesInfosys ® Technologies Ltd.: Growing Share of a Customer’s Business James A. Narus D.V.R. Seshadri* March 2004 * James A. Narus is Professor of Business Marketing, Babcock Graduate School of Management, Wake Forest University in the U.S.A. D.V.R. Seshadri is Visiting Professor at Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India. We gratefully acknowledge the significant contributions of Infosys executives and managers in providing case information. CASE QUESTIONS TO ADDRESS 1. Looking

Math Mathematics and Favorite Subject Free Essays

I know very well what my weak point is. I am not a writing women; I am in love with numbers. Mathematic is my favorite subject since I began to study. We will write a custom essay sample on Math: Mathematics and Favorite Subject or any similar topic only for you Order Now My mother is an accountant, and my father is a civil engineer. The first thing that I teach me was to count 1 to 10 with only one year and half. Math is my favorite subject, for three reasons, this subject-matter pushes me to think carefully, be organize when solving math exercises, and the most important numbers are easy to me. For these reasons I enjoy every single day in my job. First of all, it helps me in my life because I learn to think and concentrate clearly. When I have a Math problem, I read it and try to think in a easy solution. This helps me understand the situation. When I have all the data, I write the formula. I always try not over thinking it, because this can affect the result. My mother told me that math is like a puzzle, like a game. Second, I am extremely organized with numbers. I always follow all the rules and keep the solutions steps by step in my records. The result need to be clean, which means that anyone can understand the result without my presence. By the time that I have the solution, I feel free and comfortable. I can only hear in my head, I win, I win!!! The third and final reason is that numbers are easy for me. Equations, problems, geometry, addition, multiplication and rest are fun to me. I see this subject as hobby not as a class. Numbers are infinite; they are like the stars in the sky. Galileo Galilei said that, â€Å"The great book of nature is written in mathematical symbols†. In conclusion, Math was my life in Kinder Garden, Elementary School, Middle School, and High School, will be the same for the rest of my life. This class showed me how to put my brain to work. I learned how to work and study at the same time like a game. Numbers are easy and bring me happiness every day since I was a little girl. Thanks to my mother, father and teachers who always supported in this subject, I am a good mathematician today. How to cite Math: Mathematics and Favorite Subject, Papers

Australian Multinational Corporation †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Australian Multinational Corporation? Answer: Introduction MYOB is one of the best Australian multinational corporation which is based on providing the tax and the accounting depending upon the services that are provided to the different small and the medium based organization. Here, the focus of the company is mainly to handle the intellectual property development with the emphasis on the software development and to work with the business management products. The company can provide with a better return to the ownership where the private majority is set to continue to the shareholders in the company. MYOB is considered to be the best company which can handle the subscription based products with the browser accounting products that are for the cloud-enabled versions. Herr, the size and the scope of the company is now able to outgrow the system with the technology and the development of the software. (Black et al., 2013). The processes are based on the management, sales and the inventory in an effective manner. Here, the gradation is mainly f or the tracking of the sales, with the profits and the orders. The formats are related to the stock that has been collected on demand with the accurate supply of the needs to manage the system with the records of the client. The enabling of the system technology will help in saving the time and the financial resources in the effective manner, where there is a minimized form of the concentration on the integration process. MYOB works on handling the operational issues and the inconsistencies in the system, where the people are trying the work on handling the customization of the sales screen, payment types and the fields that have been set to enter the market with the faster sales and the intuitive version. MYOB retail manager works on taking the stocks for the business with the easy management and the connection to the POS hardware. (Saeed et al., 2013). The acquisition methods set for the MYOB is ERP with the enterprise resource planning to work on the different features which are related to focus on the cloud-based accounting. Here, the ERP is set with the MYOB EXO where the business planning and the growth will help in building a proper process for the business management solution. The program tends to provide with the insight that the inventory and the project costing have to be held with the human resources and the planning with better operations. The reports are mainly for the deep views which a id the planning and works on the multiple add-on processes that include the customer relationship management and the point of sale. The setup is of the different forms which include the job recruitment and the timeclock patterns with the employee service information. The advancement of the system with Australian and New Zealand business includes the combination of the full accounting with the ERP set for the designing of the growth and a higher degree of the customization. MYOB focus on the customized version with the online resource areas which is for the community forums. The standardized setup is based on providing the system with the cloud and the on-premise solutions where the five modules are generally to add the services and then support as per the needs of the system. This is based on the business size and the other forms of the geographic locations. MYOB is set with the solutions where the professionals can use the different practices to handle the resource area and the com munity forums. (Mohamed, 2013). The standards are based on working over the regional training locations in Australia. Evidence of Research The company mainly focuses on the sales register and the other entering of the sales which includes the receiving of the payments as well as the printing of the email and invoices. Here, the sales are mainly depending upon the transaction journals with the printing of the receipts where the analysis is based on working with the sales procedures in an effective manner. The company focus on handling the which with the built-in scheduling and the document management system in an effective manner. (Henny et al., 2013).For this, the customers are required to work on the picking and the delivery of the system where there is assigning of the stock to the different groups as well. With the change in the storage of the multiple pricing, the locations are set with the average, standard and the cost costing. The recording of the sales order with the proper setup of the general ledger accounts will help in analyzing the sales with the conversion of the sales order to the sales invoice. There are formats which are for the MYOB software that enter the sales transaction with the different types of the records. The conversions are from the sales order to the sales invoice that is set for the recording of the credits as well as the other cash sales using the invoice. The sales returns are for the selling of the inventory to the customers, where there are times to plan on how to handle the returning of the items which also includes how the sales return is recorded for the MYOB software. For the proper setup of the task, there are transactions which are important for the general ledger accounts where the balance is for the customer account to handle the different types of the sales transactions. The forms are set to take hold of the credit sales with the record of the cash sales that have been with the sales invoice. There are Invoice tabs to handle the system functioning along with the proper delivery of the order with the accurate checks of the invoices. (Black et al.,2013). There is a need to also control the accounting information system in the different companies as there are problems related to the control and how the trusted employees plan to do the fraud in the company. There are incidents where the people tend to use the fake names and the profile ids of the employees who are not working in the company and then connect the payment to their bank account. Along with this, it is also seen that the people try not to delete the data of the employees who have left the company and then try to use their details so that they can easily link their bank accounts to their ids. (Mohamed, 2013). Discussion The Accounting Information Systems are set with the collection, storing and handling the different researches which are based on including the investors, creditors and the taxation authorities. The accounting information system is mainly for handling the investments with the payroll activities. The forms are set to evaluate the decisions that have been made by the information system as well as the other auditing and financial reporting modules. It has been seen that the accounting software and the packages are for the handling of the costs with the complexity of the system. Hence, for this, there is a need to work on the packages accounting software which is not only for the records or the process to the financial data but also includes the functional modules for the system. (Henny et al., 2013) The major focus has been on the large organizations which need to work on the connectivity and the consolidation that is set in between the organizations with the increased forms of the accou nting system. The centralization with the applications is set to handle the system development with integration that includes the cloud-based applications for the accounting information system. The accounting software in Australia has been able to cover the different technology with the advancement to review the changes with the competitive edge that is set for the software packages and the accounting software. There are different challenges which are related to work on the system development as well as the improvement in the strategy for the software packages. It has been seen that Xero is the best company which can cover all the problems and use the cloud computing technology for handling the system setup. With this, it is seen that there are different forms of the system functionalities that are for feasibility approach in 1973 and is set for the development of SAP RF which could easily be handled through the wider range of business operations. The Peachtree is for the accounting firm where the standards are also set to improve the value of the company with the integrated forms of the office suit. This also enables the users to work on the expansions of the integrated of fice suit which has been set with the Teleware company. There are different challenges that have been set to take hold of the New Zealand accounting company Xero. It works on involving the people with 1622 small business and have been able to check on the Australian small business with the adoption of the accounting software. (Bradshaw et al., 2012). The process works on the sales ledger that works on the handling of the petty cash ledgers as well as the trial balance to adjust the different entries as well as the other trial balances to work on the financial development. ERP is the system which includes the accounting technology with the information set to handle and set the manufacturing, supply chain, and the human resources. The cloud-based accounting information system helps with the development of the lower organizations for a better growth and at a lower cost. The forms are transactional with the operational accounting roles where the processing could be mainly through viewin g the functional users and working on the mobile devices, web browsers as well as the other client applications. The system is based on working with the centralized standards where the data is stored to handle the purchasing, inventory and the accounting of the data. The transactions occur when there are configurations based on the accounting information with the accounts that are payable for the clerks to enter the invoice and work on the system for the storing of the same in the database. The major achievement is the computer-based accounting information system which works on the streamline reporting with the development set for the advancement in the modeling as well as the support of the data mining. The accounting competition is for the smaller and the medium based organizations, where the market includes the companies that have been taken into consideration for the cloud sharing of the accounting software market. (Laing, 2013). The company then offers the standards where the u sers are for the desktop accounting software. The company focus on the accounting with the challenge that could not reconcile the accounting reports from the other departments which are mainly due to the incompatibility of the formats and the duplication. The system includes the RFP which is for the detailing of all the requirements that are for the vendors to ask about the information with the selection of the software products that help in easy infrastructure and development. The organization also need to make sure that one works to control the input files with the sampling of the master records in an effective manner. Conclusion For the proper standards, there is a need to use the cloud computing techniques that will help in properly handling the information with the focus on the characteristics which are based on the controlling of the data. The risks are related to the cybercrimes with the information assets that are based on handling the advantage, efficiency and the information security with cost effectiveness. The accounting software is considered to be remarkable with the development of a better computer language. (Horngren et al., 2012). The forms are set to handle the small and the medium based organization with the accounting standards to take hold of the encryption for the proper accounting. Reference Black, P. and Chen, Z., 2013. Mandarin comes to Darwin: How a Language Adapts to an Australian Situation. InApplied Linguistics Association of Australia National Conference 2012: Evolving Paradigms: Language and Applied Linguistics in a Changing World(pp. 525-547). School of Education, Curtin University. Bradshaw, A., Pulakanam, V. and Cragg, P., 2012, January. IS Implementation and the Creation of Knowledge Assets in SMEs: the Impact of Consultants. InICSB World Conference Proceedings(Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 1). International Council for Small business (ICSB). Henny, H., Lianawati, C., Hari Setiabudi, H., Diana, Y. and Merlin, S., 2013. EVALUATION OF UTILIZATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON KOPWANI ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS USING COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND GAP ANALYSIS. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Laing, G.K., 2013. Service learning: An auditing project study.International Education Studies,6(1), p.174. Mohamed, Z., 2013. The Perception of Small-and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) on the Importance of a Proper Accounting System: Malaysian Evidence.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,9(10), pp.1302-1321. Saeed, U., Intuit Inc., 2013.Weighted performance metrics for financial software. U.S. Patent 8,621,437.

All About the Great Lakes of North America

All About the Great Lakes of North America Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes, straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km). Several other minor lakes and rivers are also included in the Great Lakes region including the Niagra River, Detroit River, St. Lawrence River, St. Marys River, and the Georgian Bay. There are 35,000 islands estimated to be located on the Great Lakes, created by millenia of glacial activity. Interestingly, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the Straits of Mackinac, and can be technically considered a single lake. The Formation of the Great Lakes The Great Lakes Basin (the Great Lakes and the surrounding area) began to form about two billion years ago – almost two-thirds the age of the earth. During this period, major volcanic activity and geologic stresses formed the mountain systems of North America, and after significant erosion, several depressions in the ground were carved. Some two billion years later the surrounding seas continuously flooded the area, further eroding the landscape and leaving a lot of water behind as they went away. More recently, about two million years ago, it was glaciers that advanced over and back across the land. The glaciers were upwards of 6,500 feet thick and further depressed the Great Lakes Basin. When the glaciers finally retreated and melted approximately 15,000 years ago, massive quantities of water were left behind. It is these glacier waters that form the Great Lakes today. Many glacial features are still visible on the Great Lakes Basin today in the form of glacial drift, groups of sand, silt, clay and other unorganized debris deposited by a glacier. Moraines, till plains, drumlins, and eskers are some of the most common features that remain. The Industrial Great Lakes The shorelines of the Great Lakes stretch a little over 10,000 miles (16,000 km), touching eight states in the U.S. and Ontario in Canada, and make an excellent site for the transportation of goods. It was the primary route used by early explorers of North America  and was a major reason for the great industrial growth of the Midwest throughout the 19th and 20th century. Today, 200 million tons a year are transported using this waterway. Major cargoes include iron ore (and other mine products), iron and steel, agriculture, and manufactured goods. The Great Lakes Basin also is home to 25%, and 7% of Canadian and U.S. agricultural production, respectively. Cargo ships are aided by the system of canals and locks built on and between the lakes and rivers of the Great Lakes Basin. The two major sets of locks and canals are: 1) The Great Lakes Seaway, consisting of the Welland Canal and the Soo Locks, allowing ships to pass by the Niagra Falls and the rapids of the St. Marys River. 2) The St. Lawrence Seaway, extending from Montreal to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Altogether this transportation network makes it possible for ships to travel a total distance of 2,340 miles (2765 km), all the way from Duluth, Minnesota to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In order to avoid collisions when traveling on the rivers connecting the Great Lakes, ships travel upbound (west) and downbound (east) in shipping lanes. There are around 65 ports located on Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. 15 are international and include: Burns Harbor at Portage, Detroit, Duluth-Superior, Hamilton, Lorain, Milwaukee, Montreal, Ogdensburg, Oswego, Quebec, Sept-Iles, Thunder Bay, Toledo, Toronto, Valleyfield, and Port Windsor. Great Lakes Recreation About 70 million people visit these the Great Lakes every year to enjoy their water and beaches. Sandstone cliffs, high dunes, extensive trails, campgrounds, and diverse wildlife are just some of the many attractions of the Great Lakes. It is estimated that $15 billion is spent every year on leisure activities every year. Sport fishing is a very common activity, partly because of the Great Lakes size, and also because the lakes are stocked year after year. Some of the fish include bass, bluegill, crappie, perch, pike, trout, and walleye. Some non-native species such as salmon and hybrid breeds have been introduced but have generally not succeeded. Chartered fishing tours are a major part of the Great Lakes tourism industry. Spas and clinics are popular tourist attractions also, and couple well with some of the serene waters of the Great Lakes. Pleasure-boating is another common activity and is more successful than ever as more and more canals are built to connect the lakes and surrounding rivers. Great Lakes Pollution and Invasive Species Unfortunately, there have been concerns about the quality of water of the Great Lakes. Industrial waste and sewage were the primary culprits, specifically phosphorus, fertilizer, and toxic chemicals. In order to control this issue, the governments of Canada and the United States joined to sign the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. Such measures have drastically improved the quality of water, though pollution still finds its way into the waters, primarily through agricultural runoff. Another major concern in the Great Lakes is non-native invasive species. An unanticipated introduction of such species can drastically alter evolved food chains and destroy local ecosystems. The end result of this is a loss of  biodiversity. Well known invasive species include the zebra mussel, Pacific salmon, carp, lamprey, and alewife.

european union expansion essays

european union expansion essays Since the creation of the European Union its purpose has been to unite the European continent into one cohesive organization. In order for this goal to be fully realized all European nations must be included under this conglomeration of states. Unfortunately the process is not quite so simple. It takes years of careful evaluation of numerous factors most importantly including economic status, respect for international law and basic human rights, and military status amongst other numerous yet equally important facts. Before a state can be admitted it must first be determined that by admitting the state that it will have a generally good affect on the community as a whole and not simply benefit any single nation. Political orientation also plays a large role in deciding whether or not to accept a nation, since the organization was partially founded on the idea of self determination. After taking into consideration all these facts it is easy to see why it takes so long to approve a sta te for membership within the EU. Any hastily made decisions could quite easily have long lasting socio-economic impacts on other members of the union and make them weary to admit new members. Now with the 2002 deadline to convert all funds to one European currency (the eurodollar), it is seen as being more important than ever before to be 100% sure of a nations stability. Another question before the committee is whether or not a given nation will be able to perform the duties, which it is required to under the European Union. The EU has shown through numerous meetings and treaties that in order to most efficiently integrate all European nations into one European community that the tasks for applicant nations be made clear from the start of negotiations. That is why the Copenhagen European Council defined the criteria, which applicants would have to meet before they could join the Community. These criteria concern, the stability of inst...

Airline Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Airline Business - Coursework Example u-Taieh (2011: p58) notes that while an airline may put together the best management team and business plan, failure to access sufficient funding and finance makes short term success of the airplane impossible. At present, start-up capital required to finance the working capital needs is readily available by historic standards, specifically if the project is right for investors. This paper analyse possible sources of funding for an investor seeking to launch an airline start-up, while also discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the different sources of funding. Moreover, the paper will seek to identify factors that investors are likely to consider prior to evaluating funding requests. One source of funding that an airline start up could use is a direct lending. In this case, an airline could decide to take out an unsecured or secured loan as working capital but more specifically to purchase commercial aircraft (Wynbrandt, 2014: p47). Moreover, the airline start-up may receive a loan for a syndicate of banks since the transaction may be quite large. Since commercial aircraft costs could reach several hundreds of millions of dollars, security interest accompanies most aircraft purchase direct lending, which means that the loaning bank could repossess the aircraft if the start-up fails to pay back the loan. Generally, obtaining private financing that is unsecured to purchase an aircraft is very difficult unless the airline start-up is considered especially creditworthy. Still, there are some governments that use the Large Aircraft Sector Understanding to fund exports of aircraft produced domestically, an agreement is providing for aircraft purchase financing at clos e to 175 points for ten years over the prime rate (Wynbrandt, 2014: p47). In addition, there is also an option for the start-up airline to lock interest rates in up to twelve weeks before receiving the loan. Such terms tend to be more attractive for start-up airlines, rather than large operators,

Reflective writing - Personal and professional development Essay

Reflective writing - Personal and professional development - Essay Example Personal Centered Therapy Personal Centered Therapy (PCT) is one of the theories I have learned in class. From the beginning, I thought that I could put into practice what I had learned about personal centered therapy. However, somehow this has not proved to be an easy feat for me. For instance, I found it difficult to think of its challenges or how I can administer it to a particular client or group. I had to challenge the fact that I could show unconditional positive regard, be emphatic and congruent when having to deal with a client who is a peoadphile. I have always thought it a nightmare dealing with peoadophiles. After taking this course, I have had to question myself and particularly in regard to how my character and beliefs would interfere with the way I administer person centered therapy. CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy) In studying cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), I really enjoyed my lectures on various theoretical models. Class exercises on CBT record were great especiall y when learning how to the use of our thoughts and common thinking traps. Person Centered Therapy theory was always interesting to me and after writing my case study on CBT, I got to like the concept and the principles involved. This is because to me, it suits my character as a method of behavioral study. The structure used is practical in nature and applicable to most client groups. On reading the books CBT for Beginners by Jane Simmons and Rachel Griffiths as well as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Adults by Stefan Hofmanand Mark Reincke, I successfully prepared for my assignments on this course. Psychodynamic I learnt new and interesting skills while studying psychodynamic psychotherapy. The least favorable theory I learned in the process was psychodynamic approach to counseling. The lecture on psychodynamic theorists challenged my perception and concept of the theory. However, I enjoyed my tutor’s perspective of the various theorists that contributed to this genre. Alth ough I am not a fun of Freudian theories, I was able to relate this theory to that of Melaine Klein and her approach interested me. I must admit that I greatly enjoyed the lessons learnt about psychotherapy and will surely apply whatever I learnt in theory. Assessment-Case Study Our assessment was a case study which proved to be challenging but enjoyable at the same time. It is through this process that I discovered that I enjoy solving problems presented in the form of case studies. I was able to improve my client’s character and use cognitive behavior therapy which was quite encouraging. Using CBT with my client proved to be easy for me as I analyzed and treated her problem, putting theory into effective practice. Through my reading about CBT, I discovered that the therapy is a suitable form of therapy from a multicultural perspective because of its basic nature and how it is practiced. Counseling Skills The lecture on counseling skills reminded me of the basic principles i nvolved in counseling. It also reminded me always to use words which help the clients to tell their stories freely. Initially, I felt that the counseling assessment went well although I always believe in making improvements. However, after receiving the feedback sheet, I felt that it did not reflect the skills I thought I had learnt over the years and this made me feel deflated. I contemplated discussing this with my client as I never wanted to appear confronting. I decided to discuss with my teacher who reassured me that the mark to her was not as negative as I thought it was. I thus felt better about my assessment and I also gained a better understanding of how she interpreted my practical skills.

Causal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causal Analysis - Essay Example Thus, economic freedom characterized by an individual's increased autonomy in making decisions regarding his income and an increase in wealth-creating opportunities made available to him; is an important means to achieving political freedom because of its dispersing effect in the concentration of power (Freidman 9). Friedman illustrates this through historical evidence where capitalism, an economic arrangement focused on free markets and economic freedoms, effectively restricted centralized power from abusing its control on the political and civil liberties of citizens (10). Hence, individuals who experience economic freedom through controlling the means of production and owning private property are given a share in the political power of that society, taking power away from the central government. This shift in power structure creates incentives for governments to give in to demands for civil and political liberties, creating the necessary conditions to achieve political freedoms an d democracy (Friedman 11). Economic freedom is therefore a necessary cause of political freedom and democracy.

Design of a Standalone Energy System

Design of a Standalone Energy System Design of a Standalone Energy System and its Comparison with Grid Connected System in Pakistan Abstract During last few decades the investment and interest in the development of solar energy is being increased. PV is becoming more and more popular in those countries which can bear large investment cost and can offer economic incentives to the investors and almost in all those areas of world which are looking for a clean environment and working hard for green energy projects. This thesis work covers the design of a standalone power system and comparison of this designed system with already existing grid connected system in Pakpattan, Pakistan. After preliminary designing, an estimation of system and different components sizing was made and on the basis of this sizing, different energy sources like PV, wind and diesel generator were tested. Also if PV can fulfill the daily load or a backup diesel generator would be needed. For preliminary designing, Sandia sheets and PVSYST were used but for the actual designing, HOMER was used because HOMER is more accurate and precise tool for designin g standalone power systems. Simulations were carried out and the cost of energy per kWh was 0.435$. Total initial capital cost was 6517$. Further economic evaluation was carried out and was compared with already existing grid connected system. On pure economic terms, this system does not seem to be economical feasible but when different recommendations were taken into account like government subsidy and carbon credit then this system was economically feasible over the 25 years which is the life of this project. 1. Project background and Introduction 1.1 Introduction The project with respect to this thesis is to design a standalone energy system and to compare it with already existing grid connected system. This system might be PV alone system, PV wind hybrid system, PV Diesel hybrid system or just diesel generator system. This system is designed for a Jamia Masjid (Islamic center) in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The exact site of the project is a colony of Pakpattan which is in the south-west of the city Pakpattan. The Pakpattan city is situated around 161 Km south west to Lahore. The climate and weather data is almost same for Lahore and Pakpattan. Furthermore it will be first project of its own nature in this area and it will help to design the systems for the residential areas by which a common person can get benefits and get rid of power failures. â€Å"Pakistan is located between latitude 24 and 37 degrees North and longitude 62 and 75 degrees East. Pakistan has Afghanistan in the north-west, Iran on west boarder, India is on the east, China in the north and the Arabian Sea is on the south† [1]. Pakistan is ageographical centre of the Asian Continent because it builds a type of bridge between Far East and Middle East; also it has a continental type of climate which can be characterized by extreme variations of temperature. Generally the climate of Pakistan is arid, means very high temperature in summer and low temperatures in winter. High altitudes change the climate in the freezing northern mountains which are covered by heavy snow. There is little rainfall. There are some differences exist distinctly in various locations, e.g. the coastal line along Arabian Sea is usually under warm conditions, whereas the Karakoram mountain range and some other mountains of far north are so cold, completely frozen and covered with snow that these are only visible and accessible by some international world-class climbers for a couple of months of May and June of each year. The variation of daily temperature could be 11 0C to 17 0C but in winters the minimum mean temperature is about 4 0C in January. Pakistan has tremendous recourses of energy but unfortunately due to mismanagement out of 170 million population just 65-70% has access to electricity. Demand is more than supply of energy to residential and industrial sector. Currently Pakistan is facing 3000 MW of power storage and it is expected that in year 2010 the demand will exceed supply by 5500 MW. The current power and electricity demand and supply gap shows that there is a big need to increases the current power generation capacity in Pakistan. [1] 1.2 Aim of the thesis The main aim of the project is to design an independent and stand alone energy system for an Islamic center in Pakpattan, Pakistan. During the attempt to design this independent energy system, there could be sub aims as well, which are the procedures and details of the design are presented with step by step. There are main following aims which are supposed to be fulfilled by this thesis. * To go through the core knowledge of the designing process. * Obtaining data for the boundary conditions such as load, solar radiation wind data, available components, cost for fuel, electricity and components. * Sizing of the system. * Optimizing the cost. * To get familiar with different tools used for designing and make selection between them. * Beyond from bookish knowledge, get to know some real and practical aspects of different PV systems and projects. The body and structure of the thesis is mainly divided into four phases. * Introductory part (Abstract, contents) * Main part (Introduction, Background, Description, Analysis, Calculation of the primary load for this specific project. Boundary conditions and design parameters. Economical look on existed grid connected system and Comparative study between this newly design system and already existing grid connected system in terms of economics, Results and Conclusion ) * Reference part (Reference list and Appendices) 1.3 Method As the aim of this thesis project is to design an independent energy system for Islamic center and then compare it with existed grid connected system. The main interest is to provide electricity for Islamic center without shortfall. To do so, first of all literature survey was carried out and was gone through different designing procedures for standalone independent systems. Different tools were also tried and testified, so that an appropriate design could be chosen. In this way Scandia sheets, PVSYST and HOMER were considered especially because these tools were used previously to design such systems. First of all load demand was calculated. Why these three tools were used, the reason is that Scandia sheets are very helpful in sizing different components of standalone energy system while PVSYST has very big database of PV modules, batteries, inverters and diesel generators in itself. After that when the sizing was done then specific components were chosen for this stand alone system. In HOMER there are different options to check weather PV, PV wind hybrid or PV diesel hybrid system is feasible After designing the system, its economic analysis was carried out using different economic parameters like pay back periods, net present value, benefit to cost ratio and internal rate of return. 1.4 Energy profile of Pakistan The energy profile of Pakistan is inadequate and there are always short falls of energy (electricity) especially during summer. Pakistan needs around 14,000 to 15,000 MW electricity everyday to meet all residential and industrial demands. But Pakistan can produce around 11,500 MW, so it means there is around 3000 MW to 4000 MW short fall. The reasons for this deficiency are limited fossil fuel resources, weak economy and mismanagement of the available energy sources. In 1.1, an overview of primary energy supplies in Pakistan is presented in MTOE (TOE: ton of oil equivalent. It is an energy unit which is equal to the energy of burning of 1 ton of crude oil which is about 42 GJ) [2] From 1.1 it is clear that energy supply of Pakistan is highly dependent on Oil and Gas, both contribute more than 79% of total primary energy supplied. The other sources like hydro- electricity, coal, nuclear electricity and imported electricity contribute about 21% of the total share. Pakistan has been growing in agricultural and industrial sector during last decade and thats why energy demand is being increased. As population and industry is growing, the daily demand will increase up to 20,000 MW in 2010. Natural gas has played an important role to meet the energy needs in recent years. But Pakistan needs to expand its energy resource on permanent bases. In order to overcome this energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources such as hydropower, wind and solar energy. Pakistan is one of the highest solar insulation areas of the world. [3] Here are the main sources of energy in Pakistan right now; * Natural Gas * LPG * CNG * Oil * Coal * Nuclear Energy 1.5 Renewable energy sources in Pakistan Pakistan is situated in such a special geographic location that it is blessed with abundant and inexhaustible Renewable Energy (RE) resources. These resources can play an effective and considerable role for the contribution towards energy security of Pakistan. When we look into current world energy scenario in general and energy scenario of Pakistan in particular, the development and adoption of RE technologies makes better sense. Government policies and objectives to develop RE technology are also matching with this sense so that the share of RE in overall energy mix should be at least 5% by the year 2030. Solar energy has 2.9 Million MW potential and wind energy has around 0.346 Million MW while Mini Small Hydel has 2,000 MW. [4] There is a significant potential of wind energy in Pakistan especially in the coastal belt of Baluchistan and Sindh, and also in deserts of Sindh and Punjab. However this renewable energy source has not been utilized. â€Å"AEDB collected the wind data of all Pakistan from Pakistan Metrological Department and was analyzed. On the basis of this collected data and analysis, it was stated that the coastal belt of Pakistan has a God gifted 60 km wide (Gharo-Keti Bandar) and 180 km long (up to Hyderabad) wind corridor† [4]. This wind corridor has the potential to generate 50,000 MW of electricity. AEDB has done other different surveys in Gharo and Jhimpir regions and some coastal area of Baluchistan. After these surveys it is concluded that in the south region most of the remote villages can be easily electrified through micro wind turbines. Furthermore it is estimated that in Baluchistan Sindh and Northern areas more than 5000 villages can be electrified through wind energy. [4]. In 1.2a and 1.2b wind and solar maps for Pakistan are shown. Sincere efforts and aggressive lobbying has been done by AEDB with national and international investors to invest and to make them realize the tremendous potentials of RE. AEBD is in negotiations with international companies to set up their business in Pakistan. However large wind mills have not been installed yet but 30 wind mills for water pumping have been installed on experimental basis in different parts of Baluchistan and Sindh. In southern coastal areas of Pakistan remote villages are currently electrified with energy and so far more than 17 villages have been electrified using micro wind turbines. Around 95% of total electricity generation is from hydropower in Pakistan. But during hotter months of summer, it cannot meet the energy requirements due to less productive. Also 70% of population lives in around 50,000 villages. Many of these villages are very far from the main transmission lines and also it is not economically viable to connect these small villages to the main gri d due to their small population. On the other hand solar energy has excellent and significant potential. Pakistan is one of those countries which receive solar radiations at high level throughout the year. Every day it receives an average of about 19 MJ/m2 of solar energy. Studies have been already done and solar systems have been developed and tested. [4] 1.6 Potential of PV in Pakistan The location of Pakistan is very ideal to take advantage of solar energy as a source of energy because Pakistan is in the Sun Belt region. Solar energy is available abundantly and widely distributed all around the country. Following shows solar insolation map for Pakistan. The map shows around 200-250 W/m2 per day. The Baluchistan province is very rich in solar energy. It receives around 19-20 MJ/m2 per day averagely which is equal to 1.93-2.03 MWh/ m2 per day with annual 8-8.5 mean annual sunshine hours. These conditions are ideal for PV and solar energy applications. [5] Solar energy is very good option for off-grid villages. There are around 75,000 off-grid villages which contains 4 million homes and every home accommodates around 4-5 people. These off-grid villages are situated in the Baluchistan and Frontier Province. AEDB has set a target to electrify a thousand villages via solar technology by the year 2010. In this respect the first contract has been given to the Sehgal electronics group (Pakistan). Each home which is electrified with PV will have around 400W power supply and lead acid batteries for overnight storage. There are also other plans to have local production using PV modules with and estimation of this production is around 3MW/year. [6] 1.6.1 Possible routes for solar PV in Pakistan The global demand of PV equipment is increasing day by day and due to this fact the prices for PV systems, equipment and electricity has gone down remarkably. PV could be exploited in Pakistan through following two routes. [6] 1.6.1.1 Off-grid or stand-alone sector Stand-alone or off grid systems generate electricity independently of the utility grid. Stand alone systems can be a very good option for the remote areas and very deep located villages, where the extension of power transmission lines would be more costly. Also it could be implemented in environmentally sensitive areas as parks, remote homes and cabins. In rural areas, it could be used for solar water pumps and farm lighting. [6] 1.6.1.2 Grid-connected sector Grid-connected PV systems supply extra power when the home systems power supply is not sufficient to fulfill the load. These systems remove the need of battery bank. In some situation, utilities allow net metering, by which the owner can sell extra power back to the utility. [6] 1.6.2 Current solar energy applications in Pakistan Both PV and solar thermal have a wide range of applications in Pakistan. Although the scale of utilization and adoption has been very small but it has been utilized for last 25 years in Pakistan. Different applications mainly PV and solar thermal applications are summarized as. [5] 1.6.2.1 Photovoltaics Eighteen PV stations were built by the government in the early 1980s to electrify different villages the country. The installed capacity was nearly 440 kW but due to the lack of technical knowledge and follow up, these systems could not perform as required. Currently in Pakistan solar energy is being used for telephone exchanges stand alone rural electrification, cathodic protection, highway emergency telephones and vaccine refrigeration in hospitals. In different parts of Baluchistan, about 20 solar water pumps have been installed for drinking purposes by The Public Health Department. The northern and western area of Pakistan are mostly hilly and mountain areas (Hindu Kush-Himalayas, HKH region), which are blessed with a lot of sunshine with 4-6 kWh/m2 daily average solar radiation. Seven solar stations were installed in this region in the late 1980s for lighting by different companies. The total capacity of these systems was 234 kW. They are not in operation now due maintenance pro blems. SIEMENS Pakistan has installed many stand alone solar systems in Pakistan. On the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway, it has installed power supply systems for many microwave-link repeater stations and more than 350 emergency call boxes. [5] 1.6.2.2 Solar thermal applications There are many applications which utilize the heat characteristics of solar energy directly. These applications are very simple, low price and easily to adoptable. These include heating and cooling of residential and commercial buildings, cooking, water heating for domestic and industrial use and drying agricultural products. A brief description of such applications in Pakistan is given here. [5] 1.6.2.3 Solar water heaters This technology is quite mature in Pakistan but very limited because of its higher capital cost as compared to conventional water heaters which operate on natural gas. But in last couple of years it has started to gain popularity because a number of public sector organizations are working to develop low cost solar water heaters. The prices of natural gas and electricity are increasing day by day, so people are adopting solar water heaters and also private sector has already started the production of such heaters. [5] 1.6.2.4 Solar cooker Different public sector organizations have been working to develop low cost and efficient design solar cookers. In HKH region of Pakistan, more than 2000 solar cookers are in use. This number is very small. It needs to be more popularized. Pakistan needs to reduce the use of precious forest resources as fuel wood and to replace it with solar cookers. [5] 1.6.2.5 Solar dryers Solar energy can be very good option for drying agriculture products. By this, we can get very good quality products at much less cost. Northern mountainous areas like Gilgit and Sakardu are very rich in fruit production like apricots which used to be wasted by tons every year. But now solar dryers are being used to dry large quantities of fruit, which is leaving a positive effect on the economy of this area. Different NGOs are working for the popularizing and the use of such dryers. [5] 1.6.2.6 Solar desalination Drinkable water is unavailable in many parts of Sindh, Baluchistan and southern Punjab and it is very critical issue. Underground water is available but it is highly saline. This saline water is not fit for drinking at all and causes many dangerous diseases such as hypertension. Solar energy can be utilized to convert this available saline water into drinkable water. Solar desalination is very simple, low cost and easy to use. Also it is very easy to adopt. A successful solar desalination project is in operation and it is working very fine and helping to change the life style of the population of Gawader in the Baluchistan province. It consists of 240 stills and each can clean 6000 gallons of seawater per day. [5] 2. Types of PV and PV Hybrid systems Generally the classification of PV systems is based on their operational and functional requirements, the configuration of their components and the connectivity of the equipment to power sources and electrical loads. PV systems are designed to supply DC and/or AC power and can operate interconnected with utility grid or independent of it. There are classified as;  · Grid-connected Photovoltaic systems  · Stand alone Photovoltaic systems 2.1 Grid-connected PV systems Grid-connected PV systems are designed to operate parallel with the interconnection of electric utility grid. Power conditioning unit (PCU) or inverter is very basic component in grid-connected PV systems. PV array produces DC power supply and the PCU converts it in to AC power supply which is consistent with the power and voltage requirements of the utility grid. PCU automatically stops the power supply to the grid when utility grid is not energized. [7] 2.2 Stand alone PV systems Stand alone PV systems or off grid systems are designed to operate independently. Mainly stand alone PV systems are used in isolated and remote areas where the connection with grid or electricity network is not possible. In this type of systems the storage system (batter bank) is very important component and storage is guaranteed by batteries. The design and sizing of such system should be done in a way that it could supply and meet the required load even in bad weather conditions or during winter months. For this surety these systems could be coupled with diesel generator, wind turbine or hydro generator and the systems after this type of coupling is called PV Hybrid systems. There could be different arrangements and designing methods of PV systems depending on the requirements and type of load to be fulfilled. In direct coupled system, DC power is supplied directly from PV array to DC load and there is no energy storage, thats why this type of systems can operate in sunlight hours which make them suitable for common applications like water pumps, ventilation fans and small circulation pumps used in solar thermal heating systems. In many other type of PV stand alone systems battery bank is used for the storage of energy and power inverters which can fulfill AC/DC loads at the same time. [7] 2.3 PV Hybrid systems PV hybrid systems are composed of combined solar energy with some other electricity producing sources like wind turbines, diesel generators or small hydro plants. The choice of other source of energy to be combined depends on the needs and the geographic situation and other specifications. The hybrid systems are best for the remote areas like islands and remote villages, also for remote applications like communication stations and military installations. Before go for designing a hybrid system, the specific energy needs and the available energy sources should be known. It means the potential for all available energy sources like solar energy, wind energy and hydro energy must be studied, so that the best combination could be made which can meet the specific energy requirements in best way of economy and availability. [8] 2.4 PV Diesel hybrid systems In remote areas the electricity has been produced by engine driven generators in the past. For those applications where we need a reliable and stationary generator is required, diesel generators are preferred. Petrol generators may provide electricity at lower cost due to their less frequent use. Engine driven generators are less efficient when driven at light loads (around 40 to 50% of their rated capacity) which can shorten their operating life and it results in high maintenance cost. When the engine is operated at light loads, the combustion temperature goes down which results incomplete combustion and carbon starts to deposit (glazing) on cylinder walls and this leads to premature engine wear and tear. In recent years, the cost of renewable energy technology has been declined continuously and also the concept of usage of alternative energy is growing day by day. Due to these two factors, the utilization of renewable energy has been increased for remote areas. Typically PV modules with small to medium size wind turbine are being used, but for some locations small hydro electric generators are suitable. In simple words combination of renewable energy sources and conventional energy sources with energy storage (battery bank) makes a Hybrid system which can give reliable and economic electricity supply. If we compare a system only with PV generator with a PV hybrid system, the second one reduces the batter size and improves the reliability of overall power supply. In hybrid system, the renewable energy source and battery bank try to reduce the run time of diesel generator. There is sufficient storage in these systems which allow the load to be shifted. Generally these type of systems a re installed in those locations where the logistics and costs of a reliable supply of fuel are not major contributing factors to overall system operation cost. [9] The displacement type systems are sized to decrease the fuel consumption of diesel generator by 70 to 90% as compared with a diesel battery system, so it relies mainly on renewable energy sources like solar. The engine driven generator still remains in the system to equalize the battery and it provides a backup for those periods when there is low solar input or high load demand. Such systems are installed in those locations where some attractive incentives for the use of renewable energy exist or fuel supplies are costly and unreliable. [9] Usually the conventional power supplies with diesel in remote areas are not flexible to react to the changes in load demand and varying operating conditions. This results in the compromises on reliability and efficiency. Significant changes in long term and short term load demand could happen as a result of * Increase or decrease of population; * Special community events; * Seasonal change in environmental conditions ( summer, humidity); * Change of consumer trends (increased use of home appliances) But renewable energy sources and batteries are modular in nature and can be upgraded without any problem when in future the load demand is increased with time. It means that we do not need to change the whole system. But as far as other components of the systems are concerned, they are different in their nature. For example inverters, battery chargers and PV charge controllers should be in such a way that the future increased demand should not exceed their rated capacity. Power conditioning devices are also inherently modular and they facilitate convenient system upgrade. [9] 2.5 Hybrid System configurations PV-Diesel hybrid systems produce AC power supply by the combination of PV array with inverter, which can be operated parallel or alternatively with engine driven generator. PV diesel hybrid systems can be classified as  · Series hybrid energy systems  · Switched energy systems  · Parallel energy systems 2.5.1 Series hybrid energy systems In this configuration, the power generated by generator is rectified first and then converted back to AC supply to fulfill AC demand which incurs much conversion looses. During low electricity demand periods, the diesel generator is powered off and the demand can be fulfilled from PV and stored energy. AC supply reaching to the load is converted from DC by an inverter. In series configuration the system efficiency is low because most systems pass large fraction of produced energy from battery bank which increases the cycling of the battery. [9] The SOC (state of charge) of the battery and actual load decide whether the diesel generator will operate or not, which depends on power supply from PV and diesel generator, load demand and the batteries are either charged or discharged. Solar controller is used to control such situations which prevent the overcharging of the batteries, when PV supply is more than the load and also the batteries are fully charged. The gain in energy is marginal for a good sized system but we can add a maximum tracking point which can improve the utilization of available PV energy. The system can be operated either in manual or automatic mode. This can be done by adding some extra components in the system. [9] There are certain merits and demerits of these configurations, they are as below. Merits * It has simplified electrical output interface as no switching of AC supply is required between different energy sources. * The supplied power to the load is not interrupted when diesel generator starts. * The inverter can produce a square wave, modified square wave or a sine wave depending on application. Demerits * The cycling of the battery bank increases which decreases the life time. * As diesel cannot supply power directly to the load, thats why system efficiency is low. * If there is some problem in inverter or in case of its failure, it results in complete loss of power. In this case diesel generator has to supply power directly for emergency purposes. * The cycling profile requires the large battery bank to limit the depth of discharge. 2.5.2 Switched configurations It is one of the most common configurations used, but it has some operational limitations. As the name shows, it operates either with diesel generator or inverter as AC source but no parallel operation of the main power generation source is possible. Switched configuration hybrid systems can be operated in manual mode but it makes the system more complex. In order to get rid of this complexity, it is desirable to add some automatic control unit. â€Å"This automatic control unit can work by adding appropriate battery voltage sensor and start/stop control unit of diesel generator† [9]. The advantage of this configuration is that the load can be fulfilled directly from diesel generator, which gives overall higher conversion efficiency. In this configuration both PV array and diesel generator can charge the battery. [9] This configuration has also certain advantages and disadvantages as Advantages * As the generator can fulfill the load directly, it improves the efficiency and reduces the fuel consumption. * The inverter can make a square wave, modified square wave or a sine wave depending on application. Disadvantages * Power supply is interrupted time by time as AC power sources are transferred. 2.5.3 Parallel configuration In this type of system PV and diesel generator supply the load separately when the load demand is low or medium. But when the load demand reaches at peck point, then PV and diesel generator combine and supply that peak load. In this configuration we use a Bi-directional inverter which has two functions * It can charge battery bank when excess energy is available from diesel generator (rectifier operation). * DC/AC converter (inverter operation). The bi directional inverter can also provide â€Å"peak shaving† which is defined as â€Å"the ability of parallel hybrid energy systems to supply load that exceed the power rating of the engine driven generator of the inverter from combine sources as part of the control strategy when the engine driven generator is overloaded †[19] Parallel configuration hybrid systems have also merits and demerits over other systems, like Merits * The efficiency of diesel generator could be maximized. * The maintenance of diesel generator could be minimized. * The system load could be fulfilled by optional ways. Demerits * It should be controlled by automatic control unit in order to make the operation of the system more reliable. * Operation of the system is much complex for untrained users 2.6 Power conditioning In PV diesel hybrid energy systems three types of conversion devices are used to control and conditioning of power flow. They are battery charge regulator, inverter and a rectifier. The rectifier or battery charger is included in the system to convert AC power generated by diesel generator to DC voltage. This is done to recharge the battery bank. Series type hybrid systems have always low efficiency because they use two conversions AC/DC and DC/AC. If we assume that both efficiencies of rectification and subsequent inversion of DC voltage are very high, lets say 90%, it will result a loss of 19% of total power gained in these conversions. This is the reason why parallel and switched cond systems have always more overall system efficiency. In hybrid energy system operation, usually the generator operates at 80% of its rated capacity. In switched or parallel cond energy systems AC power is supplied directly from diesel generator but the excess power which is more than the required load is used to recharge battery bank. This supply of power to battery bank is according to a defined battery charge strategy which takes the battery to high state of charge. In some modern parallel hybrid systems, a bi directional inverter unit is used. This bi directional inverter unit consists of solar controller, i

Conservative Legislation and Trade Union Power Essay -- Essays Papers

Conservative Legislation (during the 1980s and early 1990’s) and Trade Union Power Trade Unions can be defined as: ‘ Organisations of workers set up to improve the status, pay and conditions of employment of its members’. Salaman, ‘Industrial Relations’, P77 From the end of the second world war, and up until the 1970’s trade unionism was continually growing. By 1979, 57.3% of all people employed were members of trade unions. Annual abstract Statistics, 1990, ‘Industrial relations’, M.P. Jackson, 1991, P57 ‘Trade unionism may be seen as a social response to industrialisation and capitalism’ Salaman, Industrial relations, P79 In the early days of trade unionism, there was a direct need for workers to be represented, in areas such as manufacturing, there were little channels of communication and as a result of this workers had little or no representation. The collective bargaining approach, is a system used by trade unions to regulate industrial conflict. If conflict arises, the collective bargaining approach allows the trade unions to come together in a public forum to discuss any conflicting issues. The collective barganing approach in Trade Unionism assumes that the Trade Union is bargaining for the collective group rather than individuals. The collective bargaining group is given the opportunity to resolve any conflicting issues and in some cases but not all can prevent disputes from occurring. Harbison concludes that collective bargaining ‘Provides a drainage channel for worker dis satisfaction’ Harbison in Industrial Relations, M.P.Jackson In 1970, Britain saw the return of the Conservative government under the power of Edward Heath. After the minors strike, the Conservative government lost power and Britain reverted back to a Labour government. After the ‘winter of discontent’ in 1979, Britain once again saw the return of the Conservative government, however this time it was under the power of Margaret Thatcher. Previous to Margaret Thatcher, the government had always seen their main focus to be the achievement of ‘full employment’, a solution which in times of 1979 could prove somewhat impossible. The new Conservative government saw their future, as one of creating more jobs and encouraging greater success in competitive product markets, this was in an attempt to achieve full employment. The main priority of the new Conservati... ...strial Relations in Britain Edited by: Geoge Sayers Bain Published : 1983 Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd, Oxford 2. The Origins of British Industrial Relations By: Keith Burgess Published: 1979 Croom Helm Ltd, London 3. The Free Economy and the Strong State- The Politics of Thatcher, second edition By: Andrew Gamble Published: 1994 MacMillan Press Ltd, Hampshire 4. Contemporary British Industrial Relations By: S Kessler & F Bayliss Published: 1988 MacMillan Press Ltd, London 5. Human Resource Maanagement Rhetorics and Realities By: Karen Legge Published: 1995 MacMillan Press Ltd, Hampshire 6. Workplace Industrial Relations in Transition By: Millard et al. Published: 1997 Dartmouth Publishing Co., Aldershot 7. Industrial Relations in the Future By: Poole et al. Published: 1984 Routledge & Kegon Paul Plc, London 8. Human Resource Management: A Strategic Introduction, second edition By: G Salaman & C Maby Published: 1988 Blackwell, Oxford 9. Industrial Relations: Theory & Practice By: Micheal Salaman Published: Prentise & Hall, Hemel Hamstead

Kate Chopin Questions

1. What features make The Awakening a â€Å"local color† story? 2. What customs and beliefs of Edna Pontellier's society are significant in relation to her psychological development? 3. What attitudes and tendencies in the Creole characters does Edna have trouble adjusting to? 4. Why did Edna marry Leonce? Is he the model husband? 5. What incidents in the novel reveal that he may not be a good husband for Edna? 6. How do Mlle. Reisz and Mme. Ratignolle function in relation to Edna and the novel's view of women as mothers and artists? . What kind of mother is Edna? What kind of artist is she? 8. How are the background characters such as the young lovers and the lady in black at the shore, significant in Edna's story? 9. In detail, explain how the flashbacks to Edna's past function. How does her father compare to the other men in her life? 10. How does the view of romantic love develop in the course of the novel? What is the doctor's view of marriage and childbearing? 11.Can you think of an emotional attachment and/or a romantic obsession you have studied in a previous work? How does that incident or character compare with Edna's emotional and romantic relationships? 12. What are the main images and symbols in the novel? 13. Why does Edna get involved with Alcee Arobin? 14. Why do you suppose critics were outraged at this novel in 1899, saying it committed â€Å"unutterable crimes against polite society† and should be labeled â€Å"poison† to protect â€Å"moral babes†?

Aman Thakar Essay Example

Aman Thakar Essay Example Aman Thakar Essay Aman Thakar Essay being a tree swayed by the wind. He has fallen to a much lower level then the natural occupants of the land leading a depraved, purely hedonistic life, he is truly a savage and compared to him the natives are civilized. Particularly when we compare this to Marlow fascination with the restraint that the cannibals show that are on the boat. He is shocked in the way that these people can compose themselves and have such great self control in the face of a demon which shatter the resolution of a European. He says No fear can stand up to hunger, no patience can wear it out, disgust simply does not exist where hunger is, but this is on show in front of him despite him thinking I would just as soon have expected restraint from a hyena prowling amongst the corpses on a battlefield. Such comparisons with hyenas may be what pushed Achebe to call Conrad a bloody racist, but Marlow expresses great admiration for these people. There is more to this novella though, as Cedric Watts says, it holds a remarkably wide range of reference to problems of politics and psychology, morality and religion, social order and evolution. This novella is preoccupied by an exploration of the depravity of man and the darkness within us all. Central to this issue is the perception of the identity or the self. Marlow manifests a vigilant humanity , as Watts puts it. Kurtz is the complete opposite to this acquiring deity status. Marlow has get in touch with his own humanity in the face of this half-human, almost soulless creature. In pursuit of this Marlow is compelled to make a voyage of self-discovery up the river into the heart of darkness eventually discovering how while Kurtz had made the last stride I had been permitted to draw back my hesitating foot. He has to go to the brink and return in order to truly discover what he is truly made of. One believes he would not be able to live with himself if he did not test himself The darkness is something that is omnipresent. Even London was one of the dark places of the earth, and is still present, ironically emerging as within all when countries reach a pinnacle and attempt to expand. This ideal brought through prosperity eventually leads back to the darkness. This is at the center of the novella and is explored through the fight for oneself in the face of such vice, the ability to truly be able to have restraint and control ones overcoming temptation. It is something the cannibals are able to do, they refrain from the darkness and are civilized due to their self-restraint even though Its really easier to face bereavement, dishonor and the perdition of ones soul than this kind of hunger. The aboriginal in this way are more civilized then these barbarian invaders who struggle to control themselves. Another theme is that of mystery and enigma. Marlow embodies this with his stories described as one of those misty halos that sometimes are made visible by the spectral illumination of moonshine. He has a Buddha like quality which always gives him the appearance of having real substance, containing east and west. He is captivated by mystery demonstrated the book containing apparent cipher, he describes this as an extravagant mystery. He becomes entranced finding this reminder of civilization within the wilderness. Initially drawn to that blank space of delightful mystery, on the map looking at the river and proclaiming The snake had charmed me. The darkness is the main mystery within the novella; this darkness is the unknown of abomination and malignancy within the hearts of wild men. It seduces Kurtz and establishes a link to Marlows roots which, despite himself, he is forced to acknowledge the faintest trace of response. The mystery takes on a physical form through the fog leaving them enveloped in mysterious stillness, here it feels almost unnatural. With the incessant drum beat his curiosity over the natives way of life grows with his incessant questioning of things like the piece of white worsted around the mans neck in the grove of death and the meaning of the drum beat. This is coupled with his recollection of hunger in the face of admiration of the cannibals self. Mystery is constantly alluded to throughout from things as simple as the account of Fresleven, Marlow needs to know the power of the darkness which can drive a man to such actions. The mystery is also something that is two way with the natives seeing the white man as an enigma. They see Fresleven as a deity thus afraid to venture near his body and are confused when branded criminals the outraged law, like the bursting shells, had come to them, an insoluble mystery form the sea. Kurtz takes advantage of the naivete. Metaphors are used as a crux to what is going on within the book, the central one is the oil painting of the blind women carrying the torch. This one metaphor really ties together everything within the book. It represents the apparent advance of civilization into an Africa without vision and still within darkness. The mystery is within the torch itself though, despite apparently showing colonialists as bearers of a spark from the sacred fire, the fire could also be incendiary rather than illuminate. Waiting for the Barbarians is an incriminating condemnation of colonialism. Being of South African origin, Coetzee would be fully aware of the damaging effects of colonialism which spilled out in the form of segregation and the disparity this caused between various ethnic groups. Despite his Afrikaner roots Coetzee resisted inertia holding many liberal principles to heart. Given the climate during the writing of this book it would be difficult for it not to have a significant impact upon Coetzee. The Magistrate embodies the spirit of resistance against an irrational and oppressive government. This drive for change is fuelled by the guilt within him. Due to the Magistrates personality he is not able to lie back and allow things to slide, such complicity, or even being part of a system which represents dangerous ideals such as Pain is truth, is something he cannot allow himself to do. The Magistrate has a self-lacerating personality with which he is able to find fault with almost every thing he does even in acts of kindness. When he is helping the boy who has been taken prisoner by Jol with his father, the thought crosses his mind It has not escaped me that an interrogator can wear two masks, speak with two voices, one harsh, one seductive. And this is driven by guilt, similar to the guilt that besets Marlow for his part within the company. Like Marlow with the biscuit in the grove of death, he is reduced to offering futile gestures in the face of such wrongdoing. The Magistrate like much of the white community within South Africa has allowed himself to fall into a state of inertia. But this allows the system to fall into decay and for a colonial power such as the Third Bureau wanting to keep a tight grip on power this is where its problem lies. In order to maintain its grip it is forced to squeeze that much harder, forcing its hand into more extreme measures. This is most vivid when the barbarians are lined up and A simple loop of wire runs through the flesh of each mans hands and through holes pierced in his cheeks. Power is falling to the police and they have the law behind them forcing people into conformity for the service of protecting them from a non-existent threat. Through this it seems Coetzee is sending a message, a warning of the dangers of imperialism, captured in the way the Magistrate reacts to the extending of barracks and prison cells, time for the black flower of civilization to bloom. The Magistrate does now allow himself to be shackled by idleness, he fights against what is wrong. This guilt the Magistrate feels is similar to that which Coetzee himself feels due to his Afrikaner heritage, it is something inescapable. In dealing with his feelings against the empire he takes on indirect approaches such as taking in the Barbarian girl and delivering her to her people. Through the bathing rituals he attempts to express his feelings against what he is a part of hoping to find in her movements a hint of an old free state. But this is essentially empty and he does not gain anything from it. It is not until he adopts total resistance against the empire pushing to the extreme, hitting rock bottom, is he able to alleviate some of the terrible feelings he is afflicted with. In their fighting Marlow and the Magistrate distinguish themselves from those hollow men, such as Jol and Marlows Manager. The Magistrate is able to display a great deal of courage standing up in front of a blood thirsty mob saying No! to the use of a hammer saying You would not use a hammer on a beast. Coetzee also pursues other ideas and ideals within this novel though. Despite the political climate of the time, Coetzee doesnt allow this to overshadow what he is pursuing in his novel. This is perhaps why the location of this colony is kept deliberately ambiguous unlike in Heart of Darkness so that the novel can act almost as a fable and be universalized, best illustrated in the way that the narrator is known to us as The Magistrate. This novel is also a journey of self-discovery, something which is brought out through the Magistrates battle against colonialism. The Magistrate, because of the guilt within him is always highly critical of his actions and more than to other people, he needs to justify what he does to himself. This leads to a great crisis of conscience, and this is just as big an issue as colonialism within this novel captured in the line I cannot save the prisoners, therefor let me save myself. This is why the Magistrate goes to great lengths in an effort to purify h imself and it is the driving force behind him shaking him out of his languor. This is made even more striking when he is compared to a man like Joll, who is essentially empty and hollow within, using his sunglasses to cover up his eyes to hide the blackness that is Colonel Joll, just as Marlow is in the face of the company Manager or Kurtz. There is an insatiable desire within the Magistrate for knowledge captivated by any mystery not being able to truly rest until it is solved. He feels this with the scars on the barbarian girl saying until the marks on this girls body are deciphered and understood I cannot let go of her. He looks into his dreams as if they have some greater meaning, this plays a great deal upon his mind. He has difficulty comprehending that perhaps there is no great meaning behind his dreams and they are simply empty images. He has to pursue things not letting any detail go, this can be seen in the way that he is constantly trying to remember the barbarian girl in the court yard when she was first brought in, without her blemishes, despite its insignificance, it is something he cannot let go saying I must believe she was unmarked as I must believe she was once a child. We see this portrayed in his pass times with his scrolls in some ancient language he cannot decode, in the way the Magistrate is sim ilar to Marlow who shares this passion as seen in the book he finds in the hut with the markings in cipher. At the end of the novel we see the emergence of this road that may lead nowhere. This encompasses what the Magistrate does with mystery, pursuing it despite it not having any real meaning. The way he says the children do not acknowledge him leaves a feeling of alienation, but despite the road leading nowhere, it is still one he must follow and in this his journey is unfinished. There is some resemblance with the end of Heart of Darkness. Marlow is compelled to follow a path that seemed to lead into the heart of immense darkness. Marlows journey feels unfinished with his path going the way of the waterway and to inescapable darkness. Both men are condemned to continue this inescapable journey. These two novels clearly have other central concerns than that of colonialism. For me though in Waiting for the Barbarians, it is the Magistrates personality which inclines him to resist the way he does. Because of his guilt, he has to fight against the imperialists and Coetzee sets up his character for that purpose. Saying this Coetzee, despite the climate doesnt tackle the issue head on as is seen in the constant ambiguity in the novel, it seems his central concern is more producing a great novel rather than producing a condemnatory work. In Heart of Darkness though, as much as being a critique of colonialism, it is also a real exploration into the base and tribal nature of man and his corruptibility. It is Conrad trying to portray what he himself discovered while in Africa as much as it is a critique of colonialism. Both characters clearly embody the spirit of resistance against this injustice, but despite such an imposing backdrop it does not overshadow any other concerns, allowi ng them to be illustrated with some even overtaking colonialism in prevalence.

Reading comprehension Essay Example

Reading comprehension Essay Example Reading comprehension Essay Reading comprehension Essay You will have two to four reading comprehension passages, with a total of six to ten questions. Reading comprehension questions generally dont appear until about questions eight to twelve. ? GRE reading comprehension is unlike any other reading you do. Therefore, you should not approach it in the way you approach other reading. ? ETS passages are poorly written, but not on purpose. Dont look for hidden meanings in the grammatical and stylistic errors. ? Forget about comprehension. On the GRE, you read for one reason only: to earn points. If you can accept this fact, youll be far, far ahead. Dont even try to read the whole passage, just get an idea what each paragraph is about and what the main idea of the whole passage is. Dont get bogged down in useless details that may not even be considered in the questions. ? Outline the passage: Read the first sentence and last sentence of each paragraph. On your scrap paper, jot down a few notes for each paragraph, then write down the main idea. This is what we call outlining.Be sure to number the paragraphs in your notes. For example: 1st paragraph: greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect introduced 2nd paragraph: greenhouse gases affected by humans, and CFC/ozone example 3rd paragraph: 2 possible results of greenhouse effect ? When you skim and summarize a passage, you should look for the big themes and main ideas and skim over the details. You shouldnt speed read. That is, you should slow down for the important stuff and speed up for the details. ? There are two types of GRE reading passages: science and nonscience. Science passages may deal with either the hard facts of some particular science or with a soft topic, such as the history of science. ? Nonscience passages will deal with either a topic related to the humanities or a topic related to the social sciences. ? Use common sense. You wont find a passage arguing that literature is stupid, or that history doesnt matter, or that the moon is made of green cheese. As a result, you will often be able to eliminate answer choices simply because the facts or opinions they represent couldnt possibly be found in ETS reading passages.However, all the information that will lead to the correct answer will always be found in the passage. This is a treasure hunt; look to the passage for the answers. ? Correct answers will always be politically correct. Authors of passages will never say negative things about other people, groups of people or ideas. If the answer choice says that the purpose of a passage is to demonstrate the intellectual dishonesty of our founding fathers, you can safely eliminate it without even reading the passage. ? Correct answers will never be too negative, too extreme, irresponsible or irrational.Eliminate any answers that fit this category. ? Eliminate disputable statements. ETSs answer will be indisputable. The easiest way to find this answer is to focus your attention on disputable choices and use process-ofelimination aggressively to eliminate as many of them as possible: Certain words make choices highly specific and therefore easy to disputemust, each, every, all, will totally, always, no. Certain words make choices very general and therefore difficult to disputemay, can, some, most, sometimes.Vague, general choices wont always be ETSs answer, but ETSs answer will always be indisputable. If a statement says that something is sometimes true, you only need to find one example to prove it correct. ? Avoid direct repetitions. ETSs answer will almost always be a paraphrase, not a direct repetition. ? The more closely a choice resembles a substantial part of the passage, the less likely the choice is to be ETSs answer. ? Theme questions, tone questions, and organizational questions are all general questions. You should be able to answer them without looking back at the passage. Explicit questions, inferential questions, and literary-technique questions are all specific questions. Youll need to refer back to the passage to answer them. ? Many, many students make careless mistakes on LEAST/EXCEPT/NOT questions. Be careful! Remember, you are looking for the one dumb answer among the choices. ? Triple true/false questions are time-consuming and difficult. POE will improve your guessing odds dramatically. From Princeton Reviews Cracking the System: The GRE (New York: Villard Books, 1990) and Princeton Reviews Cracking the GRE CAT 1999 ed. (New York: Random House,1998).

MANAGING PEOPLE IN RETAIL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

MANAGING PEOPLE IN RETAIL - Essay Example Ð s retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion, reporting relÐ °tionships chÐ °nge, spÐ °ns of control Ð °re modified, Ð °nd depÐ °rtmentÐ °l functions Ð °re Ð °ltered. In most retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tions, these chÐ °nges come in the fÐ °ce of relÐ °tively little premerger plÐ °nning. Ð lthough mÐ °ny firms consider the implicÐ °tions of structurÐ °l chÐ °nge on their orgÐ °nizÐ °tion, often such Ð °nÐ °lysis is cursory Ð °nd superficiÐ °l. This pÐ °per will introduce the elements of structure within the retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion, then explore the relÐ °tionship Ð °mong structure, strÐ °tegy, Ð °nd culture. FinÐ °lly, the structurÐ °l chÐ °nges within retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion strÐ °tegy is presented in the previous pÐ °ssÐ °ges of the pÐ °per. RetÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l structure hÐ °s numerous dimensions: formÐ °lizÐ °tion, speciÐ °lizÐ °tion, stÐ °ndÐ °rdizÐ °tion, hierÐ °rchy of Ð °uthority, complexity, centrÐ °lizÐ °tion, professionÐ °lism, Ð °nd personnel rÐ °tios. Ð mong them, complexity, formÐ °lizÐ °tion, Ð °nd centrÐ °lizÐ °tion Ð °re focÐ °l to our discussion of retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion (see Figure 1). Complexity refers to the number Ð °nd vÐ °riety of hierÐ °rchicÐ °l lÐ °yers, job titles, Ð °nd divisions Ð °nd depÐ °rtments within Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. The more lÐ °yers Ð °nd divisions, the higher the complexity of Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. (BÐ °ddeleys, JÐ °mes, 1990) It is needed to sÐ °y thÐ °t the level of complexity vÐ °ries within the retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. Within Tesco, the legÐ °l depÐ °rtment hÐ °s mÐ °ny lÐ °yers of lÐ °wyers Ð °nd stÐ °ff members servicing the legÐ °l needs of different regions of the country, whereÐ °s mÐ °nufÐ °cturing mÐ °y hÐ °ve only one locÐ °tion with two hierÐ °rchicÐ °l levels. FormÐ °lizÐ °tion refers to the number Ð °nd content of rules Ð °nd regulÐ °tions present within Ð °n retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. The more written rules, stÐ °ndÐ °rd operÐ °ting procedures, Ð °nd policy mÐ °nuÐ °ls, the more formÐ °l Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. The degree of formÐ °lizÐ °tion determines how mÐ °ny decisions Ð °re preprogrÐ °mmed, since

The Canterbury Television (CTV) Building Incident-Case Analysis Assignment

The Canterbury Television (CTV) Building Incident-Case Analysis - Assignment Example One such earthquake occurred on 22nd February 2011 in New Zealand causing 184 deaths with property worth billions of dollars being destroyed. This happened when an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale hit Christchurch. The fact that only the Canterbury Television (CTV) Building collapsed following the earthquake have raised a lot of questions regarding the design and construction of the building. Investigations have since shown that the collapse occurred due to poor design and construction, several parties drawing blame for the collapse of the building. Several role players have been blamed for the collapse of CTV building which has affected several stakeholders. Many of the role players in the building double up as stakeholders. The main role players in the building include David Harding, Alun Wilke Associates, Alan Reay Consultants Ltd., Alan Reay, Gerald Schirtcliff, Bill Jones, David Coatsworth, CCC, and different inspectors. Other stakeholders include tenants, the build ing owner, shareholders of the company that owned CTV building, staff members working for CTV building tenants, and members of public. It is worth noting that some of the management issues that emerge from the CTV building event are corruption, favoritism and lack of professionalism. It is recommended that all role players and stakeholders in the construction industry should take their work/roles seriously to avoid similar incidences. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 The Key Role-Players and Stakeholders 5 Management and organizational factors associated with the incident

Further Education, Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Further Education, - Personal Statement Example It has also reinforced my belief in the importance of education. As I see my own children go off to school, I am reminded that I am the model that they will pattern their own life after. My education will fulfil my goal of attaining a degree and serve as an example to my children of the importance of education. The time away from education has also given me the opportunity to realise what I expect from a college degree. I know now that I want to study medicine and the first step will be the access course that is offered by Nicholls College at Manchester. I will eventually build on this experience to further my education at Manchester University. I feel I am taking the correct course of action at the right time in my life. Being a mother has tempered my judgement and provided me with the motivation for accomplishing this goal. I feel that the challenges that I have faced will make me a better student and my family will offer me the necessary support it takes to excel in the courses at Nicholls College.